Blue Card
蓝卡
Part of the Sail training  program in
 (CSSS)
China Sweden Sailing Society
中瑞帆船协会帆船训练项目的部分内容世联翻译公司完成帆船比赛内容英文翻译
 
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INTRODUCTION
简介
Getting familiarized with the boat and the water
快速熟悉船和水
 
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In order to be able to play golf you must have a Green Card, similarly CSSS offer education to be able to sail, a Blue Card.  This is the entry level to sailing, after this we offer 7 more levels of education, a total of 8 levels:
为了能打高尔夫，你必须拥有一张绿卡；同样的，CSSS会提供航海方面的知识，即一张蓝卡。这是入门级的航海，此后我们还会提供7个更高级别的培训，共8个层级：
Blue Card 蓝卡
Open water sailor    开阔水面水手
Advanced sailor        高级水手
Offshore sailor 离岸水手
Sail racing, green     帆船比赛，绿卡
Sail racing, red 帆船比赛， 红卡
Sail racing, black      帆船比赛，黑卡
Match racing   对抗赛
Sailing education with CSSS
CSSS的航海教育
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Objective. The overall objectives of the course is that students should be able to handle the Daytripper sailing boat in daylight and light to moderate winds, (3 – 6 meters of wind, also to dock safely. On this level no Gennaker.
目标：课程的总体目标是让学员学会在白天，有微风至和风（风速3-6米）的风力情况下能够驾驶Daytripper帆船，并能安全靠岸。此级别不需要不对称大三角帆）。
Content. Learning basic sailing term. Safety at sea: be able to sail in all wind directions and associated maneuvers, how to stop at a buoy, to dock using the electric engine and man overboard drills. Also to learn how to judge wind and wind direction using the water-ripples. Basic navigation.
内容：学习基本的驶帆术语。海上安全：在任何风向下都能航行并作相关演习；如何在浮标位置停泊，以及如何使用电机靠岸和在救生演习时停靠码头。同时学习如何通过水的涟漪来判断风势和风向。基本的航海术。
 
Blue Card. Objectives of the course and content
蓝卡- 课程和培训内容的目标
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When we drive a car we always use seat belts, on water we always wear a life jacket (65), a (PFD) Personal Floating Device. You do not have to know how to swim in order to sail as long as you wear a life jacket. Really, the worst that can happen is that you get wet. During the course you will test this.
开车时，我们总是要系安全带，而在水上，则需要穿救生衣（65），即一套个人气浮装置（PFD）。如果你穿了救生衣，即使不会游泳，也可以航海。其实，最坏的情况就是你被水打湿。在本课程中，我们会培训相关内容。
Safety first! 安全第一！
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The sun is strong at sea, use a sun hat and SPF30 or a sunscreen lotion 海上的阳光是很强烈的，因此，准备一顶遮阳帽和 SPF30 防晒霜或防晒乳液是非常必要的。
The normal position on board is to sit down, this way you avoid to get in the way of the boom (28) 通常，在船上的正确姿势是坐着，以此避免被横梁碰着。
If you fall in the water remember that all CE mark crafts have a safety latter in the stern (1)
一旦你落水了， 记住所有CE认证的船只在船尾都有安全舷梯。
Safety first! 安全第一！
OBS, powerboats have a dangerous propeller in the stern
请注意，机动船船尾的螺旋桨非常危险。
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Always carry a communication device to be able to call for help. A mobile in a water tight enclosure is fine.
务必随身携带一款通讯设备以用来寻求救援。将手机置于防水套中是必要的。
Learn the local number to get help, here it is; ????? 
了解当地的急救电话，号码为
At sea should always one person be  appointed as responsible on the boat
在海上，应该确保船上始终有一个人对船只负责。
Safety first! 安全第一
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Water tight enclosure防水外壳
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In order to communicate easily and safely at sea we have our own terminology. The number on the previous pages refers to the list of words in your documentation you need to know  as a sailor.  At the end of the course you will know them all.
在海上，为了便捷且安全地进行交流，我们需要有自己的海上术语。作为水手，你需要知道前几页的数字对应的是文件里列表中的某些单词。在课程结束的时候，你将了解所有这些术语。
Terminology at sea.海上术语
Port 左舷(11)
Stern 船尾(1)
Starboard右舷 (249)
Bow 船头(75)
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More basic words 更多基本词汇
Terminology at sea. 海上术语
Mast (163) 桅杆
横梁Boom (28)
舵柄Tiller (185)
Mainsail (242
) 主帆
船舵Rudder (181)
龙骨Keel (140)
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Pushing the tiller to port (left) will swing the rudder to starboard (right)  causing the boat turning to starboard.
把舵柄推向左边，则船舵会转向右边，这样船就 向右边行驶了。
How do I steer? 如何掌舵？
Remember that the rudder stops working at high angels, it will just act as a brake.
记住船舵在大迎角时会停止工作，就相当于刹车。
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Find the following items on the picture
在图中找出下列术语
Main sheet
         主帆脚索
Winch
         绞盘
Safety ladder
         救生梯
 
 
 
 
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Mast
    桅杆
Boom
         横梁
Tiller
         舵柄
Mainsail
         主帆
 
 
 
 
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Get familiarized with the Daytripper at the jetty, point out the different part,s the name and their usage
在码头上熟悉Daytripper, 指出各个部位的称及其用途。
The instructor takes the boat to a buoy and make fast
教练驾船航行到一个浮标处，并将其牢牢拴在浮标上。
Getting familiarized with water, jump in the water from the side, go to the back and climb onboard using the rescue ladder in the back. Students could wear swimsuits
熟悉水域情况，从船舷跳入水中，游至船尾，然后从后边的救生梯爬回船上。学员可以穿泳衣。
Remember no PANIC, the PFD and the water will carry you
记住不要恐慌，救生器材和水会使你一直漂浮在水上。
All students must do this 所有学员都必须参与此训练。
Return to dock. 返回码头
 
Practical training number 1.实习训练1
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Starting to sail
开始航行
Sailing broad reach and learn
 to tack
侧顺风行驶，以学习抢风航行。
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A sailing boat is driven by the wind, the sail works like the wing on a airplane driving the boat forward. 帆船是靠风驱动的，帆就像飞机的机翼推动船前进。
But we can´t sail straight into the wind, the different wind angels will require different ways of sailing, Points of Sail但是我们不能直迎风航行，不同的风角需要不同的航行方式，即航角。
 
Point of sail training session 2 航角训练2
You can turn the boat directly into the wind or “In Irons”:  Since a sailboat cannot sail directly into the wind, this is usually done to stop the boat.  In this position the wind cannot power the sails.  A sailboat cannot sail directly into the true-wind.  Most boats can only sail 40 degrees to the wind but some boats can sail as close as 30 degrees. 你可以驾驶船直冲风而去或使其不能转变帆的吃风方向：因为帆船在直迎风情况下无法航行，这样做会使船停在水中。船在这个位置，风无法驱动船帆。因此，帆船在迎风时无法航行。多数船只能在40度顶风的角度航行，也有一些可以在接近30度的角度行驶。
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Wind 风
Practical training number 2.实习训练2
Tack 抢风航行
Tack抢风航行
Each student should sail beam reaching in a figure eight between two buoys, tack around the buoys learning commands and maneuvers to tack. When sailing beam reach praxis to trim the main.
每个学生应该练习横风呈8字在两浮标之间航行。 抢风绕标时要学会命令和演习。当横风行驶时，练习调整主帆。
 
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Sailing on a Reach refers to sailing at an angle with the wind, in Beam Reaching = 90 degrees. 
横风行驶是指风呈横向角度，即90度推动船航行。
To trim the mainsail on a reach let the sail out until it luffs (the leech starts flapping) then pull it in (or trim the sail) until the sail is steady. 在横风调帆时要把帆放出去直到船头迎风行驶（前缘下角开始摆动），然后拉进来（或调帆）直到帆稳定为止。
Beam reaching = sailing with the wind from the side.
横风行驶=风从侧边推动帆航行
90
When sailing trim the mainsail in and out and note the change in speed. 当在航行中放出和拉进主帆时，注意航行速度的变化。
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To tack means to steer the boat right into the wind and continue to steer until the mainsail can catch the wind from the other side.  逆风转向意思是转舵到使船迎风航行，然后继续转舵直到主帆的另一侧鼓满风。
To tack 逆风转向
Commands指令:
Helmsman舵手; ”Ready About”准备转向
Crew readies the sail船员调整帆
Crew; ”Ready”准备完毕
Helmsman舵手; ”Hard-a-lee”
He pushes the tiller to leeward and the boat is turned through the wind 他推动舵柄到顺风向，船就会随风航行。
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Release the halyard.
解开升降索
To hoist the main 升主帆
Make sure halyard
is not twisted.
确保升降索没有缠绕在一起
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Attach the halyard to
the head ring.
把升降索连接在顶头的环上
 
To hoist the main 升主帆
Attach the ’Harken Head Board Quick Sprint’.
连接“帆船前板快速滑轨”
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Hoist the sail up half
meter.
把帆升上去半米
To hoist the main 升主帆
Connect Batten 2 with ’easy sprint’ or
Tape
将压条2与“简易夹”或带子连接起来
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Close the rope clutch and start to rise the main using the halyard. Make sure that the main doesn't get tangle up with the lazy jacks
Also learn how the winch operates
合上夹绳器，用升降索升主帆，确保主帆不要与揽帆索缠绕在一起。
同时学习如何操作绞盘。
 
To hoist the main 升主帆
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At the end of the practice the students should sail up the buoy, stop and make fast then lower the sail. This will probably take a number of tries. Each student must learn to do this.
在实训结束时，学生们需要驾船航行到浮标处，停下，将船牢牢系在浮标上，然后快速降帆。要做到这些，可能需要很多次的尝试。每个学员都要学会这些技能。
Return to the dock using the engine letting the students try the maneuver to dock. Teach how to secure the boat to the dock.
利用发动机将船驶回码头，让学员尝试练习泊船靠岸，教他们如何安全地将船停靠岸边。
 
 
End Practical training number 2. 实习训练结束2
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All sailors must know basic knot tying
所有的水手必须知道基本的打绳结的方法。A Bowline is the knot to use when securing the boat to the buoy
单套结是把船安全固定在浮标上的一种结
 
 
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SAILING LESSON THREE
航海课程第三节
Sailing broad reach and learn to jibe 侧顺风航行并学习转帆
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The second type of turn is called to Jibe. In this maneuver the stern is turned through the wind.
第二种类型的转向称为转帆。这个动作是让船尾转到迎风向。
Each student should sail beam reaching between the buoys as in the previous session, but jibe around learning commands and maneuvers to jibe. When sailing beam reach continue to praxis trimming the main.
此时，应像上节课一样，所有学员要在浮标之间横风航行。但转帆需要学习的是转帆的指令和演习。在横风航行时应继续练习调主帆。
 
Point of sail training session 3
航角培训3
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Wind 风
Practical training number 3. To Jibe 实训3：顺风转向
Jibe
顺风转向
Jibe
顺风转向
WARNING警告; If a Jibe is not performed correctly, the boom may swing forcefully across the boat, creating a potential danger to the crew and the rigging 如果顺风转向操作不正确，横梁可能会非常用力地甩过船，这就可能会为船员和船上的装备带来潜在的伤害。
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To jibe means to steer the boat right from the wind and continue to steer until the mainsail can catch the wind from the other side.  顺风转向意味着从风的方向转舵然后继续转舵，直到主帆从另一边迎上风。
To Jibe, this is more dangerous than tacking
顺风转向，比迎风转向更危险
Commands 指令:
Helmsman舵手; ”Ready to Jibe”准备转向
Crew readies the sail and begin to center the mainsail as the helmsman steers close to having the wind on the stern 船员准备好帆，并在舵手将船调整到船尾接近迎风位置时，把主帆放置于中间。
Crew; ”Ready” 船员： 准备完毕
Helmsman; ”Jibing” 舵手：转向He pushes the tiller to complete the turn and the boat is turned with the stern through the wind .The crew ease out the mainsail on the new bow.舵手推舵完成转向，船尾至迎风位置时，船员放开主帆，使其重新朝向船头。
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At the end of the practice the students should sail up the buoy, stop and make fast then lower the sail. This will probably take a number af tries. Each student must learn to do this.
在实训结束时，学生们需要驾船航行到浮标处，停下，将船牢牢系在浮标上，然后快速降帆。要做到这些，可能需要很多次的尝试。每个学员都要学会这些技能。
Return to the dock using the engine letting the students try the maneuver to dock. Repeat how to secure the boat to the dock.
利用发动机将船驶回码头，让学员尝试练习泊船靠岸，重复教授如何安全地将船停靠岸边。
 
 
End Practical training number 3.结束实训3
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The student folds the sail using lashing and a square knot.  Then putting on the sail cover.
学员把帆折叠起来，用绑绳打平结将其捆扎牢固，然后套上帆罩。
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SAILING LESSON FOUR
航海课程第4节
Sailing against the wind, (beating) and down wind, (Run).逆风（顶风）和顺风（正常）航行。
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The bouys form now a leeward windward course.
浮标形成了一个从顺风到逆风的过程。
Each student should beat up to the windward mark and to sail down the leeward mark using jibes around 120 degrees apparent wind to avoid uncontrolled jibes.
每个学员应该迎风航行到迎风标志，然后利用视风顺风转向120度以避免不可控的顺风转向，然后再顺风航行到顺风标志。
 
 
Point of sail training session 4
航角培训课程4
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Wind风
Practical training number 4. Beat and Running
实训4 逆风与顺风行驶
Tack迎风转向
Jibe顺风转向
Focus on reading the wind and trimming the main
重点在于学习风和调帆的相关知识。
Run 顺风航行
Beat 迎风行驶
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When beating the sailboat is trying to sail into the wind.  It is a contest between the boat and the wind and the boat tries to beat the wind.  That’s why it is called beating.
帆船迎风行驶就是将船驶入风中，此时船和风处于一个比赛的状态，船试图打败风，这就是为什么称为迎风的原因。
Theoretically the boat can sail approximately 45 degrees to  the wind, if you steer closer to the wind the boat will slow down and eventually stop.
理论上，船应在大约45度风角下行驶。如果将船调整到风角更小的位置，那么船就会减速直到最终停止。
Beating = sailing against the wind.迎风行驶=顶风航行
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Therefore you will have to shift from side to side (Tacking) in a zig zag pattern when sailing into the wind. You have already trained to “Tack” around a mark.
因此，迎风航行时，必须走Z字形路线从一边到另一边（迎风）行驶。这样我们就学会了如何迎风绕标行驶。
 
 
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How do we know the direction of the wind?
如何知道风向？
Is the wind direction constant?
风向不会变吗？
How should you shift the mainsail?
应该如何调整主帆？
 If the sailboat heels too much from a strong gust of wind, the boat can go slightly into the no-go zone, (the leech of the mainsail starts flapping) reducing heel and changing the course a little closer to the desired destination.  This is called feathering.  As the wind dies the boat bears away ( turns away from the wind ) and resumes sailing in a close hauled point of sail.  Sailing efficiently close hauled is also called sailing in the groove.
如果帆船由于一阵强风倾斜太大，那么船就略略进入死区，（帆尾开始摆动）以降低倾斜程度并改变航线使之更接近预定目标。这就是所谓的顺桨。一旦风不起作用了，说明船已经改变了航道（绕开风）并以迎风航角恢复航行。有效的迎风航行也称为最佳状态航行。
This requires a lot of training and focus from the helmsman.这需要大量训练，以及舵手的高度集中的注意力。
Beating = sailing against the wind. 迎风=逆风行驶
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Sailing on a Run refers to sailing with the wind directly behind the boat and the sails let out almost 90 degrees.  In a run, the wind should be perpendicular to the sail.  A steady course must be taken to keep each sail full of wind and to prevent an accidental jibe (the mainsail swinging quickly from one side of the boat to the other).  This is very dangerous and must be avoided.  The safe way is to sail with an angel from the wind make a controlled Jibe and continue with the wind from the other side
顺风航行是指航行时，风从船的正后方吹来，风和帆几乎呈90度角。在航行中，风和帆是垂直的。此时，必须稳定航向以保持帆张满风，预防意外的顺风转向的出现（主帆迅速从船的一侧摆动到另一侧）。这是非常危险的，必须竭力避免。 安全的航行方式是在一定的风角方向上行驶，可以做可控的顺风转向，使帆的另一侧为顺风，继续航行。
Run = sailing following the wind.正常行驶=顺风航行
Jibe
顺风转向
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How do we know the direction of the wind?
如何了解风向？
Is the wind direction constant?
风向稳定吗？
How should you sheet the mainsail?
如何调帆？
 Heeling is minimal when sailing on a run and the apparent wind is less than the true wind.  The sails are not trimmed since the wind pushes the sails similar to a parachute.  In a run the wind should be perpendicular to the sail.
当顺风行驶并且相对风小于实际风时，倾斜最小。帆无需调整，因为它如同降落伞一样是由风驱动的。顺风行驶中的风应该和帆是垂直的。
 
This requires a lot of training and focus from the helmsman most important avoid uncontrolled Jibes.
这需要大量的训练和舵手精力的高度集中。最重要的是应竭力避免不可控的顺风转向。
Run = sailing following the wind 正常行驶=顺风航行
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At the end of the practice the students should sail up the buoy, stop and make fast then lower the sail. This will probably take a number af tries. Each student must learn to do this.
在实训结束时，学生们需要驾船航行到浮标处，停下，将船牢牢系在浮标上，然后快速降帆。要做到这些，可能需要很多次的尝试。每个学员都要学会这些技能。
Return to the dock using the engine letting the students try the maneuver to dock. A crew member should have a fender to prevent inadvertent collision. Never place your arms or legs between the boat and the docking platform, it is better to let the boat hit.
利用发动机将船驶回码头，让学员尝试练习泊船靠岸。可由一名船员用碰垫来防止意外碰撞的发生。切勿将胳膊或腿置于船体与港口登陆平台间，让船直接靠岸是更好的选择。
End Practical training number 4.结束实训4
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SAILING LESSON FIVE
航海课程第5节
Basic Navigation基础导航知识
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Until now you have used bouys to know where to steer the boat. At the sea there are no roads to follow, we use Maritime Navigation Charts
目前，我们已经知道如何用浮标来引导船航行的方向了。但在海上，是没有道路指引的，我们需要使用航海图。
Maritime navigation charts are essential to navigating at sea. They are available in folios that cover most popular sailing areas, these maritime navigation charts also include harbor plans and information.
在海上，航海图是必不可少的。航海图通常是一页对开的纸，涵盖了大多数知名的航区。这类航海图同时包括了港口规划和信息。
Look at the cart covering your area, locate any dangers.
查看航海图所示的你所在的区域，标出所有的危险地区。
Look up the items in the Navigation dictionary
可通过航海词典查阅所有项目。
 
How to find the way at sea? 如何在海上寻找航线？
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A variety of nautical navigation terms are used in recording information on a nautical map such as bearings, headings, and other important map navigation data. There is universal recognition of these nautical navigation terms, which helps in eliminating the risk of misunderstanding. A knowledge and understanding of these nautical navigation terms are needed to perform maritime navigation successfully.
航海图上通常用很多航海学术语来记录信息，如方位、前行目标和其他重要的地图导航数据等。对这些术语有个常识性的了解，将有助于消除误解的风险。了解和掌握这些航海学术语是成功进行海上航行的必要条件。
 
 
Nautical Navigation Terms 航海学术语
·  °T =Degrees true Suffix attached to a direction measured relative to true north, e.g, 095°T
°T 是描述与真北方向相对位置的度数的真后缀，如095°T。
·  °M = Degrees magnetic Suffix attached to a direction measured relative to magnetic north, e.g, 135°M.
°M是描述与磁北方向相对位置的度数的真后缀，如135°M。
·  °C = Degrees compass Suffix attached to a direction measured by the compass and not converted to °T or °M, e.g, 110°C.
°C指的是用指南针测得的而不是由°T 或 °M转换来的度数的指南针数据后缀，如110°C。
·  M = Nautical mile A nautical mile is equal to one degree of latitude standardized at 1852m（6076ft) and divided into 10 cables (ca) and each cable is 185m (200yd).
M=海里。一海里等于标准的一纬度，即1852米（6076英尺）。将其分成10段，则每段为185米（200码）。
·  Kn = Knot The unit of speed used at sea. One knot is one nautical mile per hour.
Kn=节。这是在海上测速度的一个单位。一节等于一海里每小时。
·  m = Metre The standard metre is used to display depth and height on navigation charts. Metres are divided into decimetres.
m=米。在航海图中，标准单位米一般用来描述深度和高度。米可以被换算成分米。
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Defining a direction is relative to north but "north" can have three interpretations. True north (°T) is the direction of the geographic North Pole, being the alignment of the longitude lines on a chart. Magnetic north (°M) is the direction of the magnetic North Pole and is not the exact place as the geographic North Pole. The divergence between magnetic and true north is known as variation, altering slightly each year with the movement of the magnetic North Pole. Compass north (°C) is the direction in which the compass points and will point to magnetic north if there is no local magnetic interference. Maritime navigation requires converting between [ true, magnetic, and compass north ] .
 
定义一个方向是与北方相对而言的，但“北”这个方向就有三种解释。真北（°T）是地理北极的方向，与海图上的经线对齐。磁北（°M）是磁北极的方向，其与地理北极并不完全吻合。磁北与真北之间的分歧被称为变异，并随着磁北极的移动而每年略有变化。 罗盘北（℃）是罗盘指的方向，如果不存在本地磁场干扰，会指向磁北。航海需要在[真北，磁北和罗盘北]之间不停转换。
 
North 北
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The nautical mile is the unit of distance used at sea and defined as [ one minute (1') of latitude ] . Because the earth is not a perfect sphere, the actual length of a nautical mile varies. It is longer at the poles and shorter at the equator but standardized to 1 852 m or 6076 ft. At sea, the unit of speed is the knot and defined as one nautical mile per hour.
海里是海上使用的一个距离单位，其定义为【一分钟（1‘）所跨越的纬度]。因为地球并不是一个完美的球体，所以一海里的实际长度各不相同，在两极略长，赤道地区稍短，但通常以1852米或6076英尺为标准，在海上，速度的单位是节，其定义为每小时行使一海里。
 
 
Distance and Speed at sea? 海上的距离和速度
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Depth and height at sea is measured in metres. Depth as shown on a nautical map is relative to a fixed datum and is usually the Lowest Astronomical Tide or [ LAT ] being the lowest water level ever expected. The water depth is higher than shown because of the height of tide. The datum from which heights are measured depends on the type of object measured.
海上的深度 和高度是用米来测量的。航海图上的深度是相对固定的基准面而言的，通常，该基准面为最低天文潮位，换句话说，最低天文潮位通常被视为最低水位。由于潮位的原因，水深通常要比所示的潮位高些。所测得的高于基准面的高度取决于所测目标的类型。
 
Depth and height at sea 海上的深度和高度
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When coastal sailing, it easier to give a position by referring to a fixed sea or landmark using direction and distance than using latitude and longitude. Direction is measured clockwise as an angle relative to north. Describing the direction of an object in relation to the [ boat's position ] , or between two objects, is done by taking a bearing the direction in which the boat is sailing, and known as a heading.
沿海航行时，在海中找一个固定物或标志性建筑作为方向和距离的参照比使用经纬线定义自己的位置更容易。方向是以北为基准顺时针呈现的角度来定义的。描述某目标物在【船所在位置】的相对方向时，或两个目标物间的相对方向时，通常是以船行使的方向，即前进方向为方位。
Finding your position at sea 找到你在海上的位置
Don't worry  you learn more about this in the next level of training
放心，在下一级的培训中你会学到更多关于该方面的内容。
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Familiarize the students with the local paper chart, point out potential dangers.
Show how to get information about the local tide
Find local navigation plotters or apps for smart phones
Demonstrate their usage
Each boat must have paper charts over the local area
Get out on the water using charts and the device for navigation
Praxis traditional methods such as leading lines to verify a given position.
When sailing try to sail all point of sail and learn how to trim the main for optimal speed.
使学生熟悉当地的纸质海图，指出潜在的危险。
示范如何获得当地的潮汐信息
找出本地的航迹标绘仪或为智能手机安装相关应用程序
演示它们的用法
每艘船必须配备当地的纸质海图
开始航海后，使用海图和设备在海面上导航
练习使用传统的方法，如导航线来核实一个指定位置。
在航海时，尝试所有航角行使，并学习如何调帆以获得最佳速度。
 
Practical training 实训
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By now all the students should be able to sail up the buoy, stop and make fast then lower the sail.
截止到现在所有学生都应该能够完成航向到浮标，停下，将船牢牢系在浮标上，然后降帆等任务了。
The teacher have to approve that all students do manage this
教练必须使所有学生都能够做到这些。
Return to the dock using the engine letting the students try the maneuver to dock. Repeat how to secure the boat to the dock. 利用马达返回码头，并使学生尝试练习泊船靠岸。重复教授如何让船安全靠港的方法。
End Practical training number 5.结束实训5
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SAILING LESSON SIX
航海课程第6节
“Rules of the road” “海上航道规则”
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You must always avoid a collision, right to way does not mean a right to run into other boats
必须竭力避免碰撞，有航行的权利并不意味着可以任意冲撞其他船只。
Pleasure boats give way to commercial boats
游艇应主动给商业船只让路。
Powerboats give way to sailing boats
机动船应主动给帆船让路。
Overtaking boats give way to the boat overtaken 超船的要给被超的船只让路。
If the observed angel to another boat are constant you are on collision a course 如果从观测角度看到另一艘船是不动的，那么你的船无疑会很快撞上对方。
Alternatives is you are on a collision course:或者你正行使在碰撞航线上
Slow down减速
Steer to starboard向右舷转向
Rules of the road 海上航道规则
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When two sailboats approaches each other, the one on a port tack, (the boom over the starboard side of the boat) will give way to the boat on a starboard tack (the boom over the port side of the boat)
当两艘帆船相互靠近对方时，左舷（横梁在右舷的船）受风的船应该让路给右舷（横梁在左舷的船）受风的船。
If the two boats are on the same tack, the windward boat must give way to the leeward boat. 如果两艘船同舷受风，则逆风船应让路给顺风船。
Rules of the road 海上航道规则
The port tack boat either tack to give way or bear off and pass aft of the other boat 左舷受风船，要么转向或驶离让路，要么在其船尾跟随对方船只航行。
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At least two boats sailing the windward – leeward course close to each other. Learning the right of way rules practically. 至少安排两艘船做迎风-背风航行中的彼此靠近，以此来实践优先通行权规则。
Each student must learn this to a level where it is more or less automatic.
所有学员都应达到能下意识按规则为人让路的水平。
During the exercise continue to work on sail trimming and to steer an optimal course.
练习时，调帆和通过把舵转入最佳航线仍是训练的重要内容。
Practical training 实训
The port tack boat either tack to give way or bear off and pass aft of the other boat左舷受风船，要么转向或驶离让路，要么在其船尾跟随对方船只航行。
 
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By now all the students should be able to sail up the buoy, stop and make fast then lower the sail.
截止到现在所有学生都应该能够完成航向到浮标，停下，将船牢牢系在浮标上，然后降帆等任务了。
The teacher have to approve that all students do manage this.教练必须使所有学生都通过做到这些。
Return to the dock using the engine letting the students try the maneuver to dock. Repeat how to secure the boat to the dock.
利用马达返回码头，并使学生尝试练习泊船靠岸。重复教授如何让船安全靠港的方法。
End Practical training number 6.结束实训6
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SAILING LESSON SEVEN
航海课程第7节


Reading the weather 看天气
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Always check the weather forecast by;  要时刻通过以下方式查看天气预报：
Radio 无线电
Smart phone 智能手机
The web 网站
 
Find reliable local  weather forecast sources and teach the students how to use them.找出可靠的当地天气预报来源，并教导学员们如何使用这些资源。
Identify local rain clouds and the wind behavior  in a rain cloud.
确定当地降雨云和伴随降雨云的风的情况。
Identify thunder clouds and tell the students to sail away from them
确定雷暴云并告知学员远离它们。
Understanding the weather takes time
了解天气需要时间
Don't worry a you learn more about this in the next level of training
放心，在下一级别的培训中你会学到更多关于该方面的内容。
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As a Sailor your concern about weather is mainly about wind, the wind is created of heat from the sun will create spots of higher and lower pressure in the atmosphere.  作为水手，你所应该关心的天气形式主要是风。风是由太阳的热量产生的，它同时形成了大气中各个高低压的点
The sun shines on the earth’s surface and doing so heats it resulting in the air above it heating up, expanding and then rising. The rising warmed air creates a partial vacuum (an area of low pressure) and as it rises, surrounding higher-pressure air flows in this creates the wind.
太阳照耀地球表面，这样就导致上面的空气被加热了，这些空气不断扩散并上升。上升的热空气创造了部分的真空（低压区）。随着它的上升，周围的高压空气会不断流入，风就形成了。
Understanding the weather.了解天气
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The strengths of the wind is proportional to the difference of air pressure.
风的强度是与气压差成正比的。
On weather maps the difference in air pressure is shown as Isobars, the closer they are,  the more wind.
在天气图上，气压差显示为等压线，等压线间的距离越小，风的强度越大。
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In this course we learn to sail in Beaufort 1 to 3
在本课程中，我们要学习的是在蒲福风力等级1-3级风中航行。
Understanding the Weather, wind speed.
了解天气，风速
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As the air rises it cools and when it reaches its dew point, clouds form. There are three main cloud layers:
随着空气不断上升，其温度也不断降低。当空气温度降到露点时就形成了云。三个主要云层：
High cloud is usually above 6,000m (20,000ft) Cirrocumulus, Cirrostratus and Cirrus;高云通常是6000米（20,000英尺）以上的卷积云、卷层云和卷云；
Medium-level clouds are at 2,100-6,000m (7,000-20,000ft) Cumulonimbus, Altostratus, Altocumulus ;
中云是在2,100-6,000米（7,000-20,000英尺）的积雨云，高层云和高积云;
Low cloud lies up to about 2,100m (7,000ft) Stratus, Nimbostratus, Stratocumulus and Cumulus
低云位于约2,100米（7,000英尺）的空中，包括层云，雨层云，层积云和积云。
 
Understanding the weather, cloud types 了解天气和云型
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Clouds are indicators of approaching weather systems and are classified into cloud types according to their shape colour and height. Cumulus or cumulu- are rounded, billowy clouds; Stratus or Strato- are layered clouds; Nimbu or Nimbo- are rain clouds; and Cirrus or Cirro- are ice crystal clouds. Alto- means high.
云是了解天气系统的指标。根据其形状、颜色和高度，云可以分成很多种类。积云是圆形的巨浪状云彩；层云是层状的云彩；雨云是含雨水的云彩；卷云是冰晶状的云彩。Alto-的意思是高的。
Clouds tell the skilled observer what is occurring with the weather and what is to be expected as each family of clouds is created by particular condition of temperature, humidity and height.
经验丰富的观测者能通过云了解即将出现的天气类型，也能通过特定的温湿度和云高度形成的云族了解接下来的天气情况
Three main ways in which clouds form: 云形成的三种主要方式：   
- Air is heated by radiation from a warmer area of land or sea and rises through convection currents; 被较热的陆地或海洋地区的辐射加热的空气上升穿过对流层；
        - Air is forced to rise when it meets obstacles such as  mountains; or 空气遇到阻挡物如山等被迫上升；或
      - Air rises over a mass of colder, denser air.空气上升穿过大团较冷、密度较大的空气层。
Understanding the Weather, Cloud Types了解天气和云型
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Get out on the water and sail observing the weather.
在海上航行的同时观察天气
Look for clouds forming and try to judge what that mean.
观察云的形成并试着据此推断接下来的天气。
When sailing try to sail all point of sail and learn how to trim the main for optimal speed.
航行时，尝试各种航角行使，并学习如何调整主帆来获取最佳速度
Pay attention to navigation as you now don´t have fixed marks to sail around.
利用好航海图，因为现在你已经没有固定的做导航了。
 
Practical training 实训
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By now all the students should be able to sail up the buoy, stop and make fast then lower the sail.
截止到现在所有学生都应该能够完成航向到浮标，停下，将船牢牢系在浮标上，然后降帆等任务了。
The teacher have to approve that all students do manage this
教练必须让所有的学生做到这些。
Return to the dock using the engine letting the students try the maneuver to dock. Repeat how to secure the boat to the dock.
利用马达返回码头，并使学生尝试练习泊船靠岸。重复教授如何让船安全靠港的方法。
End Practical training number 7.结束实训7
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SAILING LESSON EIGHT
航海课程第8节
MOB, Man Over Board 有人落水
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One of the most dangerous situations is when a crew member falls overboard. Drowning and hypothermia can be life threatening. You should always have a well practiced plan for retrieval.最危险的情况之一是有船员落水，溺水和低体温症均可危及生命。我们应该时刻准备一套完备的救援计划。
Immediately throw a flotation device to the person who falls overboard and one or two crew members should serve as spotters, keeping their eyes on the person all time. 立即抛出一个漂浮器具给落水人，指定一到两名船员做监视员，时刻紧盯着落水人。
 
Man Over Board有人落水
To the right is an illustration of a figure 8 method of rescue. 右图所示的是8字形路线救援方法。
Note that you have to get the boat to a complete stop (into the wind) at PIW (Person In Water)注意必须让船在落水人旁（逆风）完全停止。
The PIW shall use the rescue ladder in the back to get onboard with the help of others.落水人应该利用船尾的 救生梯，在其他人的帮助下爬上船。
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Praxis the figure 8 rescue method, the instructor throws a pillow or similar in the water at random and the students should retrieve it back on board.练习8字形路线救援方式，教练可任意把一个枕头或类似物抛入水中，学员应设法将其救回船上。
        
Discuss and try other methods for fast recovery
讨论并尝试其他快速救援的方法。
 
Man Over Board exercise
落水救援练习
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Time for examination
考试啦！
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Test to qualify for the Blue Card. 蓝卡资格测试
Theoretical test; sailing terms, different points of sail, safety.
理论测试；驶帆术语；不同航角，安全性
Having jumped into the sea and back on board
跳入水中再回到船上
Having completed one MOB
进行一个完整的落水救援实践。
Demonstrated the ability to sail all points of sail, stop at a bouy under sail and to more up to the dock under engine.
演示以所有航角行驶、到一处浮标停下直到用马达返回码头等整个航行过程的能力。
Examination 测试

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