Definition of translation Alexander Fraser Tytler: I would therefore describe a good translation to be, that, in which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language, as to be as distinctly apprehended, and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs, as it is by those who speak the language of the original work (1790). Peter Newmark: Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and / or statement in one language by the same message and / or statement in another language.  

翻译名义集自序 法云（1088－1158）：宋平江（今江苏苏州）景德寺僧 夫翻译者，谓翻梵天之语转成汉地之言。音虽似别，义则大同。 宋僧传云：如翻锦绣，背面俱华，但左右不同耳。译之言易也， 谓以所有易其所无，故以此方之经而显彼土之法。周礼掌四方之 语，各有其官。东方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄鞮，北方曰译。 今通西言而云译者，盖汉世多事北方，而译官兼善西语故。摩腾 始至，而译《四十二章》，因称译也。 《礼记.王制》：“中国，夷，蛮，戎，狄……五方之民，言语不 通，嗜欲不同，达其志，通其欲：东方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰 狄鞮，北方曰译。”  

译经：许渊冲 Translation is possible, 译可译， It’s not transliteration. 非常译； Neglect the original form, 忘其形， Get the original idea! 得其意。 Getting the idea, 得意， You understand the original; 理解之始； Neglecting the form, 忘形， You express the idea. 表达之母。  

Be true to the idea, Common in two languages; Be free from the form, Peculiar to the original! Idea and form are, Two sides of one thing. Getting the common idea, Neglecting the original form! That’s the way of translation. 故应得意， 以求其同； 故可忘形， 以存其异。 两者同出， 异名同理。 得意忘形， 求同存异。 翻译之道。  

Principles of translation Yan Fu(严复): Truthfulness(信), expressiveness (达), elegance (雅) 天演论译例言：信、达、雅。求其信已大难矣！ 顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉。 《易》曰：“修辞立诚”。子曰：“辞达而 已”。又曰：“言之无文，行之不远”。三者 乃文章正轨，亦即为译事楷模。故信、达而外， 求其尔雅。  

Anlexander Fraser Tytler’s Principles 1. The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. 2(世博北京翻译公司). The style and manner of writing should be the same character with that of the original. 3. The translation should have all the ease of the original composition.  

Eugene Nida’s functional equivalence Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.  

浮白主人说《笑林》，古人居然笑今人 浮白主人说《笑林》，古人居然笑今人 》， 一青盲人涉讼，自诉眼瞎。官曰：“一双青白眼，如何诈瞎？”答 曰：“老爷看小人是清白的，小人看老爷是糊涂的。” 《礼记?学记》： “凡学之道，严师为难。师严然后道尊，道尊然后民知敬学。” About learning, the most difficult thing is to find strict teachers. Only when the teachers are strict, can the students appreciate the Tao. Only when the Tao is appreciated, can people respect learning.  

望文生义是大忌，下笔从译须小心 《中庸?天命章》：“天命之谓性，率性之谓道，修道 之谓教。” （“性”，即人的本性，属上天所赋予；“道”，即 按照本性行事之法；“教”，即修治其道的教化之 举。） 辜鸿鸣翻译如下： The ordinance of God is what we call the law of our being (性). To fulfill the law of our being is what we call the moral law ( 道). The moral law when reduced to a system is what we call religion (教).  

明人梦醒龙在《古今谭概?无术部第六》 讲了这样一则笑话： 魏博节度使韩简，性粗质，每对文士， 不晓其说，心常耻之。乃召一士人讲 《论语》，至《为政篇》。明日喜谓同 官曰：“近方知：古人禀质瘦弱，年至 三十，方能行立。”  

蝴蝶采空三百园，译人空采园百三 挣破庄周梦， 两翅驾东风， 挣破庄周梦 ， 两翅驾东风 ， 三百座名园 一采一个空。 谁道风流种， 一采一个空。 谁道风流种，唬杀寻芳的 蜜蜂。轻轻飞动，把买花人搧过桥东。 蜜蜂。轻轻飞动，把买花人搧过桥东。 ——元?王和卿《咏大蝴蝶》   翻译公司 (责任编辑：世博翻译公司)