TRANSLATION LEARNING 16 ） There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met. 17 ） Mama Torres, a lean, dry woman with ancient eyes, had ruled the farm for ten years, ever since her husband tripped over a stone in the field one day and fell full length on a rattle snake. 2(世博北京翻译公司) 、 英语中表示手段的 “ by+ 动名词 ” 短语常常置于表示结果的谓语动词之后，译成汉语时要 将其移至原谓语动词之前。 例如 ： 18 ） (While he was awaiting trial and certain hanging, Sheppard broke out of Newgate Prison.) He accomplished this by getting rid of the irons with which his wrists and ankles were shackled, cutting through a double grille of oak and iron bars, descending twenty-five feet by a knotted sheet and blanket, and climbing a twenty-two-foot wall. 二、 按照逻辑顺序进行调整 汉语语序主要靠逻辑思维而定，多按逻辑顺序有因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论、由条件到 结果进行排列；特别是在不用关联词的时候，句中的句法关系更需要通过语序方可辨认得出。但有 时汉语也会通过使用各种关联词语按照相反的顺序来组织句子。英汉语在按照逻辑思维组句时有同 有异，因此翻译这类句子时也可相应地采用顺译法和逆译法。例如： 18 ） When I called home, I would exaggerate the accomplishments of other people in show business, because I knew my mother would have liked to see me in a steadier line of work. 19 ） 知己知彼，百战不殆。 三、根据信息中心进行调整 一般而言，句子通常由已知信息和新信息构成，新信息是指信息发出者想要信息接受者了解的信息， 因而构成句子的信息重心。英汉都有表示信息重心的特殊手段，如英语中常用 “ It is/was…that…”, “not …but…” 等强调句型，汉语也常用 “… 的是 …”, “… 之所以 … 是因为…” 之类的句型强调说话者所要表达的重要信息，为突出句中的信息重心，翻译时通常要改 变原句语序，把原句中的某个成分提前或置后。例如 ： 2(世博北京翻译公司)0 ） Defiantly they have spoken, but submissively they will accept the terms. 2(世博北京翻译公司)1 ） The two neighboring countries, China and India, with the largest populations in the world, are bound by thousands of years of civilization and achievement. 例 2(世博北京翻译公司)2(世博北京翻译公司) ，80 年前，在中国各族人民反帝反封建的壮阔斗争中，在世界无产阶级革命的澎湃运动中， 中国共产党成立了。 四、根据搭配的需要进行调整 英译汉时原句各成分之间的搭配贴切自然，但已成汉语后，若保留原句语序，按原句原封不动的译 出，则可能搭配不当，需要调整译句中相关成分在句中的位置，符合汉语的表达习惯。例如： 2(世博北京翻译公司)3 ） That was a principle that Apple tragically failed to understand when it backed off from licensing its graphic computer interface, assuring that its market share would be savaged by Microsoft's more open Window operating system. 2(世博北京翻译公司)4) 中国必将实现现代化，这使西方某些人越来越不安。 2(世博北京翻译公司)5) George Osborne looked at the two young women with a touched curiosity. 2(世博北京翻译公司)6) I buried my head under the miserable sheet and rug, and cried like a child. 2(世博北京翻译公司)7) For example, a young woman who had difficulty studying made dramatic strides when she got a better desk lamp and moved her desk away from her bed. 2(世博北京翻译公司)8) A fresh cover of snow lightly blankets the tracks of yesterday, where my children have made snow angels and rolled down Grandpa's back-yard hill, spreading winter's magical frosting from head to toe. 15  

TRANSLATION LEARNING 第九章： 第九章：英汉篇章的翻译 一、教学内容： 英汉篇章对比；段内连贯；段际连贯；篇章的语域。 二、教学要求： 篇章翻译要兼顾段内、段际的衔接与照应以及语域等问题，以达到通篇的连贯，要有全局观念，使 译文一气呵成，不留明显的翻译痕迹。 三、教具准备： 多媒体课件 四、教学过程： 9.1 英汉篇章对比 英语篇章是开门见山，直奔主题，章法是由 introduction ， body 和 conclusion 构成。而汉语篇章 则是迂回曲折，委婉含蓄，其是章法讲究起承转合。 一、英汉段落结构对比 英语段落：用例证方式展开。例如： 1 ） Many examples of a connection between “right” and “straight” can be found. In Mexican Spanish you indicate straight (ahead) by saying “right right”; in Black American English, “right on” is an expression of approval, often for a sentiment eloquently or deftly phrased. “Straight” meaning conventional, “correct” or “proper” is a commonplace in colloquial English today. In Russian, right is “prava”, a cognate of “pravda”, which means “true”. And in many languages “true” has the additional meaning of “straight” or “accurate”, as in “his aim was true”. 汉语段落：主题句不明显；段尾可引出新主题。例如： 现在的写作已不再是一些专门家的事情，而是越来越社会化、生活化，这当然很好。 “ 作家 ”如 今更多地被赋予职业的意义，它标明的仅仅是一个职业而已。只要是写了一点作品、或者有这个努 力和爱好的，都被他视和自视为 “ 作家 ” 。与其他行当和职业不同，如从来没有把股长或科长厅 长说成是政治家，也没有把一个在部队干的人叫成军事家。作家在职业的意义上被如此轻浮地界定， 事出有因。所以现在，妓女、商人、政客、主持人、艺人、杀人犯、道德家，无论各行各业的人都 可以因为自己的理由去写作，并产生卖点，成为“ 名作家 ” 。从商品社会里看，这很正常。美国一 个杀人犯，出来后把杀人的过程写出来，畅销并已致富。原来此刻一切都是为了卖，能卖即是成功。 ---- 张炜：精神的背景 —— 消费时代的写作和出版 二、英汉篇章结构对比 （一）英语篇章的主题分布在段落中，叙述方式是层层递进，直线展开。 例如： 2(世博北京翻译公司) ） Intercultural communication is an interdisciplinary field of study which incorporates research from disciplines such as social psychology, sociology, cultural anthropology, socio-linguistics, and, of course, communication. One of the most important areas of research addressed by intercultural scholars is how misunderstandings can be minimized when people communicate with others from different cultures. First, context is very important to understanding intercultural communication. There are two ways individuals use context in communication: one is low-context and the other is high-context. Low-context communication is like a computer program; everything must be specified in the coded message or the computer program will not run. In a low-context culture like the United States, individuals must express themselves as explicitly as possible for effective communication to occur. high-context communication, in contrast, is like communication between twins who were raised together. Twins intuitively understand each other and use shortened sentences and words when they talk. 译文： 16   翻译公司 (责任编辑：世博翻译公司)