TRANSLATION LEARNING （一）直译（保留原文中的比喻词） 在符合译入语语言习惯的情况下，直译能充分保持原文的生 ： 动性和表现力。例如： 1 ） The Red Man has ever fled the approach of the White Man, as the morning mist flees before the morning sun. 2(世博北京翻译公司)) Today is fair. Tomorrow may be overcast with clouds. My words are like the stars that never change. 3) 老榕树的影子，也越来越看得更清楚了。 — 真像一位登高而望归人的老着呢。 4) 他突然高声大笑，好像说了什么笑话似的。 （二） 英语中的 as…as… 结构大多直译成汉语。 例如： as white as snow as cold as ice as blind as an owl as cheap as dirt as busy as a bee as beautiful as the sun （三） 由于文化上的差异，有的 as…as… 结构用异译法。 例如： as clear as day as clear as a bell as clear as a whistle as bold as bass as black as one's hat as bald as a coot 二、暗喻就是不使用明显的比喻词乃至于不使用任何比喻标志的比喻。汉语的比喻标志是“是、变 成了、成了”等词语；英语中则使用 be, become, turn into 等词语。 （一）一般使用直译法来翻译。 例如： 1) Now if death be of such a nature, I say that to die is gain; for eternity is then only a single night. 2(世博北京翻译公司)) Three years' jungle life had turned him into a wild beast. 3) 卑鄙是卑鄙者的通行证，高尚是高尚者的墓志铭。 4) 一切都变了，她的最亲密的文城变成了死城。 她的老父亲变成了活在地狱的“人鬼” 。 （二） 根据需要，暗喻采用意译译成明喻。 例如： She is a fox. He is a weathercock. She ‘s a nightingale when she sings. He dashed out like an arrow. He is a goose. 10.2(世博北京翻译公司) 转喻 转喻就是借与人或事物有关联的事物来指代人或事物。 一、根据上下文，可以直译。 例如： 1) Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? 2(世博北京翻译公司)) Only one thing will solve this case—the little grey cells of the brain. 3) What they could not solve with words, they solved with bloodshed. 二、根据语境，可以意译。 例如： 1) John spent many years in chains before he saw his family again. 2(世博北京翻译公司)) Have I in conquest stretch'd mine arm so far To be afeard to tell greybeards the truth? 10.3 拟人 拟人就是把动物和没有生命的事物当成有思想感情的人类来描写，甚至让它们具有人的行为。这些 事物可以是无生命的实体，还可以是抽象的概念，如： 2(世博北京翻译公司)1  

TRANSLATION LEARNING a smiling moon ( 微笑的月亮 ) ， a crying city( 哭泣的城市 ) 。 一、直译法再现原文的生动形象。 例如： 1) To its residents, Vesuvius was a benefactor – not an enemy. But without any warning, Mount Vesuvius roared to life. 2(世博北京翻译公司)) And certainly, whenever the wind blew, the Reed made the most graceful curtseys. 3) Crime burst in like a flood; modesty, truth, and honor fled. 4) 田野的秩序变得井井有条，土地把债务都已还清，谷子进仓了，泥土休憩了，自然舒一口气，吹 来了爽风。 二、有时意译更符合译文表达习惯 1) The ship sadly caught fire and the plans to make her a floating museum died in the smoldering embers. 2(世博北京翻译公司)) 春天正向我们走来。 10.4 夸张 夸张就是通过有意夸大或缩小事物的某个方面来增强语气，起到强调的效果。这种修辞手法具有很 强的感染力。 一、直译保留原文的艺术特色。 例如： 1) “At'em, all hands—all hands!” he roared, in a voice of thunder. 2(世博北京翻译公司)) Nay, he said—yes you did—deny it if you can, that you would not have confessed the truth, though master had cut you to pieces. 3) 为了让兄弟们的肩头 担起整个大地，摇醒千万个太阳 4）父亲严厉的话语几乎把她吓死，再也不敢说出实情。 二、语言表达习惯的差异，意译 1) She is a girl in a million. 2(世博北京翻译公司))妈妈对小明说： “ 下次你再不及格，看我不拧断你的脖子！ ” 10.5 讳饰 讳饰就是用委婉语来取代令人不快的字句，这是英汉两种语言中共有的现象。 一、译入语中有字面上对应的委婉语，直译。 例如： 1 ） On the 14 th of March, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the greatest living thinker ceased to think. He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes, and when we came back we found him in his armchair, peacefully gone to sleep—but forever. 2(世博北京翻译公司)) 听说他是刚从那里面出来的。 二、译入语没有字面上与原文对应的委婉语，采取功能上与之对等的委婉语，意译。 1 ） The doctor was fiercely condemned by some for what he referred to as helping people in dying. 2(世博北京翻译公司)) 他在回家的路上遭遇到不测。 3 ） May I go to the bathroom? May I use the facilities? I'm going to my private office. （ 3 ） 中西方忌讳的对象不完全相同，有时采取不带讳饰的意译。 1）He put the dog to sleep. 2(世博北京翻译公司)) 他先她而去了。 10.6 呼告 呼告指直接呼唤不在身边的人或物，并与之对话。这一修辞手段有强烈的抒情效果，英汉两种语言 都有使用。为了保留原文中的强烈的抒情效果，直译。例如： 2(世博北京翻译公司)2(世博北京翻译公司)   翻译公司 (责任编辑：世博翻译公司)