TRANSLATION LEARNING 等。 3. 表示方向： up; down; forward(s); backward(s); sideways; along; across; to the left/right; in front of/ behind; above/ below; inside/outside 等。 例如： 9 ） Kant was fond of talking, but preferred to talk alone, and if interrupted or contradicted was apt to show displeasure; his conversation, however, was so agreeable that none minded if he monopolized it. 译文 : 1. 康德特别喜欢聊天, 主要是喜欢别人听自己聊, 不喜欢有人插话或诘问, 否则就会满脸不 高兴。不过, 康德总是聊得大家兴趣盎然, 所以听他一个人聊谁都没意见。 10 ） As I began to explain my ideas, he asked me to write the equations on the blackboard so he could see how they developed. Then came the staggering—and altogether endearing—request: “Please go slowly. I do not understand things quickly.” This from Einstein! He said it gently, and I laughed. From then on, all vestiges of fear were gone. 11 ） 女人发号施令的手段很高明 , 用的都是口气柔和的祁使句. 但不管怎样, 事无巨细都要男人 效劳总是很不应该的. 他对妻子总是百依百顺, 我从未听到他又过什么不耐烦的表示, 而且, 我听得出来, 他极其恭顺而温 存,仿佛这么奴仆般地被老婆支使的团团转是一种享受似的. 于是我猜测: 他的妻子很漂亮, 因为大 凡漂亮的女人都颇有些自命不凡,总把自己当作个高贵的公主. 12(世博北京翻译公司)）谁能否认海的伟大呢？我爱海，并不仅仅因为他的颜色美丽，和藏在海底那有趣的玩意儿，而 是爱她的胸襟广阔，化污秽为清洁。 她容纳无数的细流，尽管它们的颜色有黑的也有黄的，一旦流到了海的怀抱，便立刻变成碧绿的了。 碧绿是代表和平，代表一种静美。一个人，哪怕他的脾气犹如虎狼那么凶暴，我相信如果长住在海 滨，一定会变得和羔羊一般驯良；同时，那些心怀狭隘的人，如果常与海做朋友，我相信他也会改 变成豪爽，痛快的性格。 13 ） At that moment, I say, the notion of wildness entered my mind, never again to leave it: everything is wild which is autonomous and unpredictable and does not depend upon us. Then all of a sudden there was an explosion; I could no longer see the bird and I thought it had flown away. But my father was leading the way, walking in front of me through the undergrowth. Finally he stooped down, picked up something and put it in my hand. I was aware of something warm and soft and I lowered my eyes: there was the bird in the palm of my hand; its dangling, shattered head crowned with a plume of already-thickening blood. I burst into tears and dropped the corpse on the ground, and that was the end of my shooting experience. 10.3 段际连贯 段际衔接与连贯：前文所讲的重复、替代、省略、连接词等手段。 译者：篇章意识；把握全局。例如： 14 ） If misery loves company, so do sports fans. Dr. Leon Mann documented this several years ago when, as a Harvard professor, he studied the long overnight queues for tickets to ball games in his native Australia. “Outside the stadium something of a carnival atmosphere prevails,” he wrote in the American Journal of Sociology. “ The devotees sing, sip warm drinks, play cards, and huddle together.” Like the teams they had come to watch, the fans in line took timeouts. Some worked in shifts, with certain members leaving to take naps or eat meals, while others saved their places in line. Some staked claims in line with items of personal property such as sleeping bags and folding chairs. 19  

TRANSLATION LEARNING “During the early hours of waiting,” Dr. Mann noted, “the queues often consisted of one part people to two parts inanimate objects.” 15 ） 1994 年初的时候， 在 美国总统克林顿曾经在国务会议上迟到， 舆论界大哗， 对总统进行了 “ 上 纲上线 ”的批评：迟到，说明你缺乏掌握时间的能力，如果你连自己的时间都安排不好，又何谈运 筹国家大事？面对尖锐的批语，克林顿不敢迟到了，小心谨慎如约赴会。几个月后，不晓得什么原 因，他又迟到了，这自然又逃不过记者们的唇枪舌剑，于是 “瞧这家伙，他又迟到了 ” 的文章又 赫然纸上。美国公众对总统迟到的批语毫不留情，是否对总统太苛求了？总统公务繁忙，偶尔迟到 一次，何必兴师问罪？美国人可不这样看。 译文： Early in 1994, President Clinton was once late for a meeting on national affairs. This resulted in fierce criticism by the press. Being late means you lack the ability to manage time, they pointed out; if you can't manage your own time, how can you manage the affairs of state? In the face of this sharp criticism, Mr. Clinton was careful to attend future meetings on time. But a few months later, he was late again. Of course, it did not escape the attack of the press. Articles such as "Look at This Guy - late Again" topped the papers again. Is this sort of relentless criticism of the president's tardiness too tough? Isn't it a little too fussy to complain about the busy president's occasional tardiness? Americans don't think so. America is a society on a schedule. Whether it's a personal appointment or a public conference, the starting time should be exact. Those who are late are often considered lazy and inconsiderate and they lose the trust of others. In personal relationships, a friend may be lost, in business, an opportunity. 第十章 : 辞格与翻译 一、教学内容： 比喻；转喻；拟人；夸张；讳饰；呼告；反语；排比；设问；反问；借代。 二、教学要求： 在处理辞格的翻译时，学会针对不同的辞格采用不同的翻译手段。 三、教具准备： 多媒体课件 四、教学过程： 在英汉对译 , 特别是文学作品的对译过程中 , 会遇到大量的修辞格。修辞是一种运用十分广泛的语言手段，其种类丰富，许多修辞手段都是巧妙 地运用本民族语言的特点，形意融为一体，浑然天成，在处理辞格的翻译时，针对不同的辞格往往 采取不同的方法。下面是常见的修辞格： 比喻（ comparison ） 反语 （ irony ） 转喻 （ metonymy ） 排比 （ parallelism ） 拟人（ personification ） 设问 （ question and answer) 夸张 （ hyperbole ） 反问 （ rhetorical question ） 讳饰 （ euphemism ） 借代 （ antonomasia ） 呼告 （ apostrophe 10.1 比喻 比喻可分为明喻（ simile ）与暗喻（ metaphor ）两种。 一、明喻指使用明显的比喻词的比喻。英汉语都使用明喻，汉语常见的明喻词有“像、好像、如” 等；英语中常见的明喻有 as, like, as if, as though 等。 2(世博北京翻译公司)0   翻译公司 (责任编辑：世博翻译公司)